The GLAWARS was set up in April 1984 during the height of the Cold War by the Greater London Council (GLC) to investigate the impact of a nuclear or conventional war on London. To date the GLAWARS has been the most extensive scientific investigation of possibilities for civil protection and civil defence of a metropolitan area in a modern war.
During 1979 the Government's perceived lack of readiness for such attack pushed the Home Office into publishing in May 1980 a public information series called 'Protect and Survive' on civil defence. It was intended to inform British citizens on how to protect themselves during a nuclear attack, and consisted of a mixture of pamphlets, radio broadcasts, and public information films. However many thought the publication misleading when confronted by the real outcome of nuclear war. In 1983 the GLC was required to draw up civil defence plans for the city under the Civil Defence Regulations and asked the Government for more information about the scale and nature of any likely attack, but met a refusal from the Home Office.
In 1984 Ken Livingstone's GLC commissioned the GLAWARS research project to consider the effect of an attack on London and Londoners. The brief was to establish how London would cope with an all-out attack, nuclear or otherwise, and what would happen to the capital's residents, the food, the water, roads, railways, houses and hospitals. The GLC appointed an international Commission of five experts guiding the direction of the study who were Dr Anne Ehrlich (Stanford University USA), Dr S William Gunn (International Red Cross/Head of Emergency Relief Operations, World Health Organisation), Dr Stuart Horner (DMO, Croydon Health Authority/British Medical Association Council Member), Vice-Admiral John M Lee (Assistant Director, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, retired) and Dr Peter Sharfman (US Congress Office of Technology Assessment).
At the same time, the GLC commissioned the Polytechnic of the South Bank (now London South Bank University) to carry out the GLAWARS study, under the overall direction of the Commission. In all 44 expert authors, including scientists, military experts and disaster-relief specialists, mostly from outside the Polytechnic, produced 33 separate research papers on topics such as Emergency Nursing Services, Nuclear Blast and Building Stress, Communication Destruction and Food Pollution. The researchers took as the basis of their report, five scales of nuclear attack ranging from eight megatons dropped on Britain by bombers carrying nuclear bombs and air-to-surface missiles to 10-35 megatons targeted on London alone by SS20 missiles. The report also addressed the possibility of a conventional, non-nuclear attack on London's services.
The final horrifying results were presented to the GLC in early 1986 and were subsequently published in June 1986 in a 397-page book entitled 'London Under Attack: The Report of the Greater London Area War Risk Study'. The book was highly critical of Government and Home Office policy on civil defence and with its specific and merciless statistics destroyed the fairy tale of survival after a nuclear attack. "The prospect facing those who initially survived would be fear, exhaustion, disease, pain and long, lonely misery. Avoiding a nuclear war is still the only way of avoiding this fate", warns the Report. The depth and breadth of the conclusions of the GLAWARS went far beyond any investigation previously available to any official body, country or organization, and have since been found applicable to most major urban centres.
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Contains the records of the Greater London Area War Risk Study arranged into the following sections:
GLAWARS/1 Home Office
GLAWARS/2 Greater London Council (GLC)
GLAWARS/3 Research Materials
GLAWARS/4 Background, Terms of Reference and Research Task Outlines
GLAWARS/5 Newsletters, Progress Reports, Home Office and Consultants' Meetings
GLAWARS/6 Commissioners
GLAWARS/7 Presscuttings
GLAWARS/8 'London Under Attack'
After the GLAWARS research was completed, the records were kept by South Bank Polytechnic's Library. In July 1992 the records were examined by Tom Horlick-Jones, Director of the London Emergency Planning Information Centre, who extracted research items he felt might be of value and the London Fire and Civil Defence Authority (LFCDA, now the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority (LFEPA) of the GLA) kept a note listing that material. The remaining correspondence and other records were left but it was recommended they be sent to a permanent archive (possibly the GLC Archive) as they formed a part of London's history.
In September 1993 the London School of Economics (LSE) Department of Geography offered to add the remains of the GLAWARS archive to other related material held at the School by the Urban Hazard Project, run by Visiting Professor, Tom Horlick-Jones. In October it was agreed by South Bank University Library to deliver the archives to LSE. However, it would seem it was not and the material remained in the Library's custody until its transfer to the Archives in 2007.
London South Bank University Archives Centre
London School of Economics holds a pamphlet on the GLAWARS (catalogue reference CND/2008/18/33)
The "Life in the United Kingdom" Advisory Group was established in September 2002 with the remit to advise the Home Secretary on the method, conduct and implementation of a "Life in the United Kingdom" naturalisation test.
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Reports, circulars, speeches and papers from the Home Office regarding emergency planning and civil defence in local authorities.
The "Life in the United Kingdom" Advisory Group was established in September 2002 with the remit to advise the Home Secretary on the method, conduct and implementation of a "Life in the United Kingdom" naturalisation test.
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The Consolidated Circular was a first attempt by the Home Office to update, expand and replace previous guidance to local authorities on emergency planning. The Circular looks in great detail at Civil Defence and peacetime emergency plans.
The "Life in the United Kingdom" Advisory Group was established in September 2002 with the remit to advise the Home Secretary on the method, conduct and implementation of a "Life in the United Kingdom" naturalisation test.
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A draft consolidated circular of guidance to Local Authorities on emergency planning including arrangements proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food for the involvement of local authorities in arrangements for food rationing in crisis and war. The report considers the material, identifies proposed Home Office policy changes and discusses practical implications.
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The "Life in the United Kingdom" Advisory Group was established in September 2002 with the remit to advise the Home Secretary on the method, conduct and implementation of a "Life in the United Kingdom" naturalisation test.
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Press release includes transcript of the address by the Home Secretary to the Annual General meeting of the Society of Industrial Emergency Services Officers on 28 November 1984.
The "Life in the United Kingdom" Advisory Group was established in September 2002 with the remit to advise the Home Secretary on the method, conduct and implementation of a "Life in the United Kingdom" naturalisation test.
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Guidance consolidating and replacing all emergency services (ES) circulars issued by the Home Office to local authorities before 1985.
Green cover, ring bound
The "Life in the United Kingdom" Advisory Group was established in September 2002 with the remit to advise the Home Secretary on the method, conduct and implementation of a "Life in the United Kingdom" naturalisation test.
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A handbook to aid local authorities in making plans for utilising suitable structures for providing civil defence shelters for the public, as required under the Civil Defence (General Local Authority Functions) Regulations 1983.
The "Life in the United Kingdom" Advisory Group was established in September 2002 with the remit to advise the Home Secretary on the method, conduct and implementation of a "Life in the United Kingdom" naturalisation test.
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A Report by the Home Office Working Party established to consider advice from the Medical Research Council's Committee on Protection Against Ionizing Radiations on Radiation Hazards in Nuclear War.
The "Life in the United Kingdom" Advisory Group was established in September 2002 with the remit to advise the Home Secretary on the method, conduct and implementation of a "Life in the United Kingdom" naturalisation test.
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VIREG was a joint Home Office and local authority exercise to test the civil defence plans of local authorities in each county of Region 6. The post exercise report evaluates the exercise and gives recommendations for further action.
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Contents includes a question on Nuclear Weapon Verification [Col.1008] and a motion on the Soviet Union: Relations with the East [Col.1012]
The "Life in the United Kingdom" Advisory Group was established in September 2002 with the remit to advise the Home Secretary on the method, conduct and implementation of a "Life in the United Kingdom" naturalisation test.
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A Home Office circular up-dating and expanding guidance contained in a previous Circular No.76/69 drawing attention to the need for local authorities to be prepared to deal with an emergency arising from flooding or gales and likely to disrupt public services.
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Comprises reports, papers and correspondence created by the Greater London Council regarding civil defence, emergency planning, the GLAWARS and the Civil Defence (General Local Authority Functions) Regulations 1983.
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A report summarising the findings of surveys carried out in connection with the flood warning practice, particularly in relation to the audibility of the flood warning sirens and the public's awareness and understanding of the warning system. It examines option for improving the systems and puts forwards recommendations.
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Joint report for the Public Services and Fire Brigade Committee, the Planning Committee and the Transport Committee of the Greater London Committee following an initiative of Manchester City Council to call on the Government to refrain from manufacturing or positioning nuclear weapons within the Greater London area.
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Report containing a summary of the new Civil Defence (General Local Authority Functions) Regulations and recommendations for the Public Services and Fire Brigade Committee Staff Committee of the Greater London Council.
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Extracts from GLC report P1001 (20.12.83)
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Papers related to a discussion regarding contracts who work at nuclear military installations.
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A paper outlining the objectives and terms of reference for a study of civil defence planning assumptions to be carried out on behalf of the Greater London Council.
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A paper comparing the questions sent by the London Borough of Camden to the answers sent in reply by the Home Office in relation to civil defence planning assumptions.
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A report considering the circular of guidance to Local Authorities on emergency planning including arrangements proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food for the involvement of local authorities in arrangements for food rationing in crisis and war. It identifies proposed Home Office policy changes and discusses practical implications.
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Notes of a meeting held at the Home Office on 14 March 1985.
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Comprises an overview of the Parliamentary questions and answers, relevant extracts from the written answers and an extract from a House of Commons debate.
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Contains correspondence between the Greater London Council and the Home Office regarding the Home Office's request for local authorities to complete preparation plans required by Civil Defence Regulations 1983. Also includes a report from a GLC meeting to discuss the Home Office request.
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Annex F. The paper lists the questions put to the Home Office and the responses received regarding Civil Defence Planning Assumptions.
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A meeting between employees from the Home Office, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Department of Environment and Transport, Department of Health and Social Security, GLAWARS and Polytechnic of the South Bank.
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A discussion paper presented to the Symposium on Organisational and Behavioural Aspects of Civil Defence held on July 5th 1985 at the Polytechnic of the South Bank.
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Paper setting out the GLC's policy on civil defence and the civil defence exercise INTEX 85.
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Paper prepared for the National Steering Committee setting out the Conference of Nuclear Free Local Authorities' belief in the futility of Conventional War planning in a nuclear weapons state.
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Correspondence regarding the GLAWARS including an internal appraisal report of GLAWARS Task 1.
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Part III, Sections 1 to 4 of the War Emergency Plan covering: Works (General); Works (Buildings and Roads); Works (Public Hygiene Services); Works (Liaison Services). Also includes information on organisations involved in Home Defence, the United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisations, advice to the public on protection against nuclear attack and a bibliography.
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Contains a foreword by Ken Livingstone, two postcards, a map of possible targets in and around London, 2 photomontage posters on Civil Defence, and the following publications;
'Why the GLC Disagrees with the Government',
'London and the Defence Industry'
'London as a Nuclear Free Zone'
'What Would it be Like After Nuclear Attack? A View from Inside the Civil Defence Establishment'
'Blackout to Whitewash: Civil Defence Since 1937, A GLC Exhibition'
'Doctors and the Bomb; An Article from the British Medical Journal'
Yellow card folder with loose papers inside
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Presscuttings, correspondence and Hansard notes on Exercise 'Brave Defender', which was a 'home defence' exercise that took place from 2-13 September 1985 to give training to the new Home Service Force 9HSF), a volunteer soldier body (likened to 'Dad's Army') whose function would have been to guard 'key points' against the Soviet 'Spetsnaz'.
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A paper outlining the objective and terms of reference for a study or studies of civil defence planning assumptions to be carried out on behalf of the Greater London Council. The purpose of the studies is to provide the GLC with planning assumption and other information for civil defence planning purposes.
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Comprises presscuttings, scientific articles and government papers on civil defence, emergency planning and local and global effects of nuclear war or attacks.
The records were compiled as research material for the GLAWARS.
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Presscuttings relating to Civil Defence and Nuclear War
The International Civil Defence Organisation is an intergovernmental organisation with the objective to contribute to the development of structures safeguarding populations, property and the environment from natural or man-made disasters.
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UKWMO was a British civilian organisation providing UK military and civilian authorities, in the event of war, with data about nuclear explosions and forecasts of subsequent fallout profiles across the country. It was established by the Home Office in 1957 and was disbanded in November 1992.
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Section of a paper by Dr Crossley which outlines his views on the nature of a Soviet attack. It differs from other experts in the field in that he argues that an all-out nuclear strike would occur within a few hours of a conflict being declared.
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A draft document for consultation produced for the guidance of health authorities in England.in planning the operation of the health services in war.
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In 1987, William Daugherty was a graduate student of Political Science at Columbia University.
Barbara Goss Levi earned a PhD in particle physics from Stanford University in 1971. For most of the past 30 years, she has written for Physics Today magazine, reporting on new discoveries at the frontiers of physics. After rising to senior editor, she was in charge of Physics Today's news section, "Search and Discovery". In January of 2003, she stepped down from that post and now serves as a contributing editor. Her stories cover the full range of topics in physics today, from atomic to astrophysics, from condensed matter to geophysics.
Because of Dr. Levi's interest in issues at the interface of physics and society, she became a consultant for the US Congress' Office of Technology Assessment, from the late 1970s to the Office's closure in 1995. From 1981 to 1987, Dr. Levi was a member of the research staff at Princeton University's Center for Energy and Environmental Studies. Her work there on arms control and the effects of nuclear weapons resulted in, among others, two articles in Scientific American.
Frank von Hippel is a theoretical physicist. Frank received his B.S. in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959 and a D.Phil. in theoretical physics in 1962 from the University of Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar. For the following ten years, his research was primarily in theoretical elementary-particle physics, and he held research positions at the University of Chicago, Cornell University, and Argonne National Laboratory, and served on the physics faculty at Stanford University.
In 1974, Frank’s interests shifted to “public policy physics.” He spent a year as a resident fellow at the National Academy of Sciences, where he organized the American Physical Society’s study on light-water reactor safety. He was then invited to join the Princeton research staff in 1974 and in 1983 was appointed to the teaching faculty at Princeton at the rank of professor.
Frank has worked on policy proposals relating to the control of plutonium and highly enriched uranium (HEU) for more than three decades, including initiatives to end the production of plutonium and HEU for weapons (Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty); the use of highly enriched uranium as a reactor fuel (the Global Threat Reduction Initiative); and plutonium separation from spent nuclear fuel.
From 1983 to 1991, while Frank was chairman of the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) and the FAS Fund, he partnered with the Committee of Soviet Scientists for Peace and Against the Nuclear Threat (chaired by Evgenyi Velikhov) to help provide technical support for Mikhail Gorbachev’s initiatives to achieve a Comprehensive Test Ban, and the Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces and Strategic Arms Reductions Treaties.
From 1993 to 1994, he served as assistant director for national security in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and played a major role in developing what is now called the International Nuclear Materials Protection and Cooperation Program.
In 2006, Frank co-founded and is currently co-chair of the nongovernmental International Panel on Fissile Materials, which includes experts from 17 countries and develops proposals for initiatives to reduce global stocks of plutonium and HEU and the numbers of locations where they can be found.
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A paper originally presented in preliminary format at a Symposium on the Medical Aspects of Nuclear War in September 1985,
Frank von Hippel is a theoretical physicist. Frank received his B.S. in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959 and a D.Phil. in theoretical physics in 1962 from the University of Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar. For the following ten years, his research was primarily in theoretical elementary-particle physics, and he held research positions at the University of Chicago, Cornell University, and Argonne National Laboratory, and served on the physics faculty at Stanford University.
In 1974, Frank’s interests shifted to “public policy physics.” He spent a year as a resident fellow at the National Academy of Sciences, where he organized the American Physical Society’s study on light-water reactor safety. He was then invited to join the Princeton research staff in 1974 and in 1983 was appointed to the teaching faculty at Princeton at the rank of professor.
Frank has worked on policy proposals relating to the control of plutonium and highly enriched uranium (HEU) for more than three decades, including initiatives to end the production of plutonium and HEU for weapons (Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty); the use of highly enriched uranium as a reactor fuel (the Global Threat Reduction Initiative); and plutonium separation from spent nuclear fuel.
From 1983 to 1991, while Frank was chairman of the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) and the FAS Fund, he partnered with the Committee of Soviet Scientists for Peace and Against the Nuclear Threat (chaired by Evgenyi Velikhov) to help provide technical support for Mikhail Gorbachev’s initiatives to achieve a Comprehensive Test Ban, and the Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces and Strategic Arms Reductions Treaties.
From 1993 to 1994, he served as assistant director for national security in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and played a major role in developing what is now called the International Nuclear Materials Protection and Cooperation Program.
In 2006, Frank co-founded and is currently co-chair of the nongovernmental International Panel on Fissile Materials, which includes experts from 17 countries and develops proposals for initiatives to reduce global stocks of plutonium and HEU and the numbers of locations where they can be found.
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A paper emphasising the responsibility of community physicians for planning of health services including disaster planning.
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An article by Alvin M. Saperstein published in vol.14 no.4 of Bulletin of Peace Proposals, a quarterly journal discussing contemporary international and intergroup affairs and searching for peaceful solutions to conflict situations.
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A paper about experiments analysing the effects of a large-scale nuclear war on the global climate through the use of three dimensional climate models to simulate the effects.
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A paper setting out the long-term biological consequences of nuclear war for the entire planet.
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A working paper reflecting a preliminary attempt to assemble accurate data regarding US and USSR strategic forces between 1946 and 1986, including bomber forces, intercontinental ballistic missile forces and submarine-launched ballistic missile forces.
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A report by the Home Office Working Party established to consider advice from the Medical Research Council's Committee on Protection Against Ionizing Radiations on Radiation Hazards in Nuclear War.
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Published correspondence between Councillor Barton, the Chair of the National Steering Committee of Nuclear Free Zone Authorities and the editor of the Journal of the Institute of Civil Defence.
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A paper considering whether the partial evacuation of residents is a realistic possibility.
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Articles and adverts for publications regarding nuclear weapons and nuclear war.
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A study by Engineers for Nuclear Disarmament, a group of professional engineers concerned at the devastation a nuclear attack upon Britain would cause.
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A report examining East Sussex County Council's existing arrangements for monitoring for radioactivity.
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A paper examining the issue of civil preparedness for possible chemical or biological attacks against the backdrop of the controversial status of Civil Defence in the United Kingdom.
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An article tracing the evolution of smart weapons and identifying the key technical advances which have made the weapons possible.
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A reports of a meeting held at Burlington House on 15 March 1985.
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A research proposal by members of the Climate Research Unit.
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An address by Air Marshal Sir Leslie Mavor and the Greater London Council's response.
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A conference paper
In 1987, William Daugherty was a graduate student of Political Science at Columbia University.
Barbara Goss Levi earned a PhD in particle physics from Stanford University in 1971. For most of the past 30 years, she has written for Physics Today magazine, reporting on new discoveries at the frontiers of physics. After rising to senior editor, she was in charge of Physics Today's news section, "Search and Discovery". In January of 2003, she stepped down from that post and now serves as a contributing editor. Her stories cover the full range of topics in physics today, from atomic to astrophysics, from condensed matter to geophysics.
Because of Dr. Levi's interest in issues at the interface of physics and society, she became a consultant for the US Congress' Office of Technology Assessment, from the late 1970s to the Office's closure in 1995. From 1981 to 1987, Dr. Levi was a member of the research staff at Princeton University's Center for Energy and Environmental Studies. Her work there on arms control and the effects of nuclear weapons resulted in, among others, two articles in Scientific American.
Frank von Hippel is a theoretical physicist. Frank received his B.S. in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959 and a D.Phil. in theoretical physics in 1962 from the University of Oxford, where he was a Rhodes Scholar. For the following ten years, his research was primarily in theoretical elementary-particle physics, and he held research positions at the University of Chicago, Cornell University, and Argonne National Laboratory, and served on the physics faculty at Stanford University.
In 1974, Frank’s interests shifted to “public policy physics.” He spent a year as a resident fellow at the National Academy of Sciences, where he organized the American Physical Society’s study on light-water reactor safety. He was then invited to join the Princeton research staff in 1974 and in 1983 was appointed to the teaching faculty at Princeton at the rank of professor.
Frank has worked on policy proposals relating to the control of plutonium and highly enriched uranium (HEU) for more than three decades, including initiatives to end the production of plutonium and HEU for weapons (Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty); the use of highly enriched uranium as a reactor fuel (the Global Threat Reduction Initiative); and plutonium separation from spent nuclear fuel.
From 1983 to 1991, while Frank was chairman of the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) and the FAS Fund, he partnered with the Committee of Soviet Scientists for Peace and Against the Nuclear Threat (chaired by Evgenyi Velikhov) to help provide technical support for Mikhail Gorbachev’s initiatives to achieve a Comprehensive Test Ban, and the Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces and Strategic Arms Reductions Treaties.
From 1993 to 1994, he served as assistant director for national security in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and played a major role in developing what is now called the International Nuclear Materials Protection and Cooperation Program.
In 2006, Frank co-founded and is currently co-chair of the nongovernmental International Panel on Fissile Materials, which includes experts from 17 countries and develops proposals for initiatives to reduce global stocks of plutonium and HEU and the numbers of locations where they can be found.
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A paper presented at the Symposium on the Medical Aspects of Nuclear War on 21st September 1985.
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A paper giving new estimated figures for the effects of a nuclear explosion over London and the absolute number of radiation fatalities it would cause.
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A booklet aiming to draw attention to general principles for managing mass casualties.
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A table taken from Home Office Emergency Planning Circulars
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A section from a booklet setting out what to do in the event of a nuclear attack.
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A survey to discover attitudes towards nuclear attacks and what Londoners think about preparations that can be made to protect London from the effects of a nuclear attack.
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Task outlines and outcomes for 11 of the 12 tasks required by the GLAWARS. Task Eight: Impact on Biosphere During the First 2 Years After an Attack is not included.
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Comprises papers concerning Task One, which is split into three sections: types of military attack; various issues pertaining to different types of attack; a description of each type of attach.
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Comprises an annotated bibliography of essential texts regarding nuclear weapons and their effects and a draft GLAWARS report for Task Two.
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Comprises papers and reports regarding the vulnerability of London including the GLAWARS Task Three report for the commissioners.
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Comprises terms of reference for Task Four, GLAWARS reports, a London Civil Defence Survey carried out by Market & Opinion Research International (MORI) and the Task Four report for the GLAWARS commissioners.
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Comprises reports, maps showing blast effects, data and a preliminary report for Task Five.
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Comprises a preliminary report for Task Six.
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Comprises papers and a preliminary report for Task Seven.
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Comprises the objectives of Task Nine and four subsections: food; water, nutrition and environmental health; energy; social aspects.
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Comprises a report on the economic aspects of a nuclear strike on London and the terms of reference for Task Ten.
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Comprises the terms of reference for Task Eleven and the GLAWARS report on the Task for the commissioners.
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Comprises reports and papers, including two final reports, examining the Swiss and Swedish civil defence systems.
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Comprises correspondence and papers providing information on the background to the GLAWARS and its terms of reference.
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GLAWARS newsletters, meetings and progress reports and minutes of meetings held with the Home office regarding GLAWARS on 9 January 1985 and 28 May 1985.
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Contains detials about the seven GLAWARS commissioners, their roles, memorandum and meeting minutes.
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Press cuttings from various publications including Time Out, The Guardian, New Statesman, New Scientist and Architects Journal regarding the GLAWARS and the publishing of 'London Under Attack'
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In 1986 the findings of the GLAWARS were published in a book called 'London Under Attack'.
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Contains minutes of publicity meetings, correspondence regarding a Thames Television report, press information and details of the launch for the book, 'London Under Attack'
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Publishing contracts with Basil Blackwell Publishers and proofs of the book's cover
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Contains GLC press release 'What Happens When the Bombs Hit London?', the GLAWARS Commissioners and Rapporteur, a report by the Commissioners about the GLAWARS, a map of likely attack on London, a 'London Under Attack' book jacket, and publication entitled 'Civil Defence for London; The Greater London Area War Risk Study (GLAWARS)'
White card folders with loose papers inside
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A copy of the book 'London Under Attack'
397 pages, paperback